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A road map to empathic and efficient decisions and policies, constructed from new insights in the science of human judgment
Faced with another's suffering, human beings feel sympathy and may even be moved to charity. However, for all our good intentions and vaunted free will, we are lousy at making the bigger decisions that actually improve lives. Why? Drawing on his sweeping and innovative research in the fields of psychology, behavioral economics, and neuroscience, philosopher and cognitive scientist J. D. Trout explains how our empathic wiring actually undermines the best interests of individuals and society. However, it is possible to bridge this "empathy gap" and improve our decision-making. Here, Trout offers a tantalizing proposal- how to vault that gap and improve the lives of not just ourselves but the lives of everyone all around the world.
- Sales Rank: #623802 in Books
- Published on: 2009-02-05
- Released on: 2009-02-05
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.42" h x 1.18" w x 6.26" l, 1.24 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 320 pages
From Publishers Weekly
In this dramatic challenge to cherished American concepts like individualism, free will and laissez-faire economics, Trout (Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment) presents an alternative story grounded not in the abstractions of political theory or economics, but in the moisture and grit of human psychology. Studies by cognitive scientists and psychologists reveal an empathy gap, where individuals repeatedly make biased and selfish choices despite their best attempts to the contrary. The author posits that government can bridge the gap and cites vaccination, estate tax, helmet laws and food safety as issues that government has successfully handled for the greater good. For fighting poverty: "the best hope... is amending the Constitution to guarantee an above-poverty income to all citizens." Trout recognizes that government may not always make the right choices, but suggests that if it depended more on automated processes and the advice of social scientists, it might recover the trust that it has lost. For some, Trouts book will seem a panacea for a selfish world, but others may question whether it is really possible to prevent the same biases that affect individual decisions from affecting larger, governmental entities. (Feb.)
Copyright � Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Review
"The Empathy Gap is an important and engaging book, and Trout's ideas are eye-opening and fascinating. Trout explains a large set of new ideas about human rationality, emotion and well-being, and connects them to pressing social and political issues. This is an invaluable enrichment of public discourse, which could lead to new ways of framing our current dilemmas and to new solutions to them."
-Steven Pinker, author of The Blank Slate and The Stuff of Thought
"Trout engagingly identifies the issues facing citizens who worry about others' exploiting their natural imperfections as decision makers, but also worry about relying on paternalistic institutions to protect them. Recognizing that those institutions are similarly flawed, Trout calls fro information sharing, public deliberation, and empirical evaluation of interventions."
-Baruch Fischhoff, Howard Heinz University Professor, Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, and past president of the Society for Judgement and Decision Making
"J.D. Trout's The Empathy Gap provides insightful answers to explain how good people can look the other way and do so little to respond to massive problems affecting other human beings. He uses the latest findings in behavioral decision research, with his practical understanding of philosophy to outline a better world. We would all be better off if the new administration in Washington read and understood the messages that are outlined in this. In fact, Trout's The Empathy Gap explains so much of what has gone wrong for the last eight years. This work has the power to transform how we think about and act on challenges to improve society."
-Max H. Bazerman, Straus Professor, Harvard Business School, coauthor of Negotiation Genius
About the Author
J.D. Trout is a professor of philosophy and adjunct professor of the Parmly Sensory Sciences Institute at Loyola University in Chicago. He has held fellowships from the National Science Foundation, Mellon Foundation, and National Endowment for the Humanities. His previous books include Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment, Measuring the Intentional World, and The Theory of Knowledge. He lives in Evanston, Illinois, with his wife and two children.
Most helpful customer reviews
40 of 42 people found the following review helpful.
a clarification--not a review
By Read-Only
I was confused at the existence of two books by this author on the same topic published very close together. After considerable effort, I found that Why Empathy Matters is the paperback edition of The Empathy Gap, which doesn't seem to be explicitly stated on either Amazon page. The author's online vita explains this.
I just mention this so that readers don't buy the book twice by mistake or waste time (like me) wondering which one was more appropriate for them to read.
(I rated it five stars because Amazon wouldn't allow me to add this note without providing a rating.)
19 of 19 people found the following review helpful.
A fun book on decision making and policy
By G.A. Wilson
The first thing I noticed about this book is that - to my pleasant surprise -- it is not at all a self-help book. Instead, it's a book that describes -- in entertaining and highly readable prose -- how we can effect significant improvements in well being by using social policy to make an end run around our most common human foibles.
Here I will briefly summarize each of the six chapters to give a sense of how the book unfolds.
Chapter 1 (Bridging the Empathy Gap) - introduces a theme that runs throughout the book - that empathy can be good, but can also be fickle, and we need social policies to harness its power for the good. I found myself wanting more of a sense cohesiveness to the examples. But they made more sense as I got deeper into the book.
Chapter 2 (The Trappings of Freedom) "Free will is a bit like a sheep. There really is an animal there, but it's amazingly skinny when you've shaved all the wool off." (That's my favorite quote from the book!). The argument here - familiar in social psychology but I'm betting not so in philosophy - is that much of our behavior is shaped by external forces, much more so than we ever recognize - an important premise for the proposals introduced later.
Chapter 3 (Can We Rebuild This Mind?) - here Trout urges that we should develop behavioral policies that impose external constraints to ensure that we do not fall prey to destructive biases that impede good decision making. This chapter provides a really nice summary of different cognitive biases that we are prone to - these are probably familiar to many readers already, but not everyone.
Chapter 4 (Outside the Mind) - what do hospital computer screensavers depicting colorfully germy hands, a urinal with a drawing of a life-sized fly inside, and chevron markings on roads have in common? They are each a man-made feature of the local environment that effectively corrects detrimental tendencies in behavior. This is the most entertaining chapter in the book - the examples are at times hilarious, and all fascinating.
Chapter 5 (Stat Versus Gut) anticipates the concern that behavior-shaping policies will all be expensive and complicated. Trout argues that many welfare-enhancing policies are not only simple but also money saving. This chapter is a great lesson for non-policy-wonks like me who tire of jargon-laden cost-benefit analyses. At the same time, I would have liked to see an acknowledgement that not all solutions will be simple and cheap.
Chapter 6 (The New Republic) is the final chapter, and it presses for the adoption of behavioral science based policy, to increase overall happiness and well-being. These include small scale changes that can produce big changes in the lives of individual people, like the elimination of grocery-free deserts in inner cities, and walk-to-work programs that encourage people to avoid long commutes. Trout calls for "benign social experimentation" - science backed policies that can potentially increase well-being. Some of these are seemingly small tweaks that we might not even notice but could reap huge benefits - things like using linguistics-based evidence to regulate drug names to avoid prescription related errors. But Trout doesn't shy away from more controversial topics, like handgun control, suicide prevention, and helmet laws - I was pleased to see an added layer of complexity here. This is clearly the most ambitious chapter in the book, as well as the most original and the most thought provoking as well.
Overall, the book has provoked me to look at problems that plague us individually and socially in a new light - they no longer seem as daunting and insolvable. Of course, this book is not a panacea, it's just a starting point. But its timing couldn't be better - it unabashedly embraces the notion that the time for real social and political Change has come - what distinguishes this book is that it provides a roadmap for how we can go about it. Highly recommended - there's something for everyone here.
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Quit dithering while the world burns
By cassdog
You have biases in your thinking that hold you back from doing what is best for yourself. We are poor at saving money, constantly value our present self over our future selves, make decisions based on arbitrary starting points and we value the status quo for no other reason than 'it is the way things are'. These cognitive biases are a result of our evolutionary heritage, a patchwork of cognitive tools latched on to previous cognitive shortcuts which themselves were imperfect. Not only do these cognitive biases get in the way of thought processes and actions regarding our own lives, they inhabit our very thinking on public policy and social welfare issues. A particularly profound example used in the book is that we have more empathy for those close to us and those similar to us. A politician who if sitting next to a starving child would obviously withhold seconds so the child could eat but once around other wealthy politicians with no starving children around he would thoughtlessly pass a bill that day stripping the dinner off of the plates of millions of children. Additionally, we are notoriously short-sighted and bad at estimating future costs so we are awful at saving for retirement. So a plan like Social Security that forces society to save is an essential remedy to create a stable society where the elderly aren't homeless or hungry. After a tour-de-force of our hardwired sloppy thinking, the author spends most of the book creating prescriptions to get around our inherent weaknesses to create a better life for us all...sometimes against the will of our cognitive biases. The author terms these outside strategies. These are strategies that don't rely on individual changes, or individual willpower to overcome our biases. Instead, outside strategies are policies which give us better options where our cognitive biases won't get in the way. I found this part of the book very fascinating and I would love to read more about adoption of these outside strategies worldwide. The other idea that the author argues for is something that I have been very passionate about for years, something that I have wanted to shout from the rooftops. The author proposes the use of empirical studies on public policies to determine outcomes, based particularly on new findings in social sciences, psychology and behavioral neurology. There truly are right and wrong answers to some of our public policy questions regardless of the two-party system and the point-counterpoint nature of our media. He even suggests that we use the scientific method to experiment on 'relatively safe' public policies and measure the results. Why aren't public policies set up this way? This book is very pragmatic and the author attempts many solutions to these problems which I will leave to the reader. But this was a refreshing and unique look in to public policy debates which have reached a standstill and bogged down our advancement for too long. While we dither over our petty disputes, children starve, the uninsured die and a more perfect union slips away.
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